Sams Teach Yourself C++ in One Hour a Day

Siddhartha Rao

848 pages, parution le 24/04/2022

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The Ninth Edition of Sams Teach Yourself C++ in One Hour a Day Starting with one hour a day, you can gain all the skills you need to begin programming in C++. This complete tutorial will help you quickly master the basics of object-oriented programming and teach you advanced C++ language features and concepts. Fully updated for the C++20 standard, this practical book is designed to help you write C++ code that's faster, simpler, and more reliable. * Master the fundamentals of C++ and object-oriented programming * Use the Standard Template Library (STL) to quickly develop more powerful and reliable real-world applications * Learn modern C++20 features such as concepts, ranges, views, adaptors, and modules * Apply proven Do's and Don'ts to leverage best practices and avoid pitfalls from day one * Test your knowledge and expertise with focused exercises after every lesson * Learn using nearly 300 compiling code samples that are available for free download and have been explained in detail in the book Learn on your own time, at your own pace * No programming experience required: start writing well-organized, efficient C++ programs quickly! * Master object-oriented concepts such as classes, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction * Create reliable, feature-rich programs with STL classes, containers, and algorithms * Simplify your code using automatic type deduction and other features * Program function objects with modern C++ Lambda expressions * Accelerate learning using nearly 300 code samples explained within * Make the most of new C++20 concepts, ranges, views, adaptors, and modules * Preview improvements expected in C++23Introduction xxvi PART I: The Basics Lesson 1: Getting Started A Brief History of C++ Connection to C Advantages of C++ Evolution of the C++ Standard Who Uses Programs Written in C++? Programming a C++ Application Steps in Building an Executable Analyzing Errors and Debugging Integrated Development Environments Programming Your First C++ Application Building and Executing Your First C++ Application Understanding Compiler Errors What's New in C++20? Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 2: The Anatomy of a C++ Program Parts of the Hello World Program Preprocessor Directive #include The Body of Your Program: main() Returning a Value The Concept of Namespaces Comments in C++ Code Functions in C++ Basic Input Using std::cin and Output Using std::cout Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 3: Using Variables, Declaring Constants What Is a Variable? Memory and Addressing in Brief Declaring Variables to Access and Use Memory Declaring and Initializing Multiple Variables of a Type Understanding the Scope of a Variable Global Variables Naming Conventions Common Compiler-Supported C++ Variable Types Using Type bool to Store Boolean Values Using Type char to Store Character Values The Concept of Signed and Unsigned Integers Signed Integer Types short, int, long, and long long Unsigned Integer Types unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned long, and unsigned long long Avoiding Overflow Errors by Selecting Correct Data Types Floating-Point Types float and double Determining the Size of a Variable by Using sizeof() Avoid Narrowing Conversion Errors by Using List Initialization Automatic Type Inference Using auto Using typedef to Substitute a Variable's Type What Is a Constant? Literal Constants Declaring Variables as Constants Using const Constant Expressions Using constexpr C++20 Immediate Functions Using consteval Enumerations Scoped Enumerations Defining Constants by Using #define Keywords You Cannot Use as Variable or Constant Names Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 4: Managing Arrays and Strings What Is an Array? The Need for Arrays Declaring and Initializing Static Arrays How Data Is Stored in an Array Accessing Data Stored in an Array Modifying Data Stored in an Array Multidimensional Arrays Declaring and Initializing Multidimensional Arrays Accessing Elements in a Multidimensional Array Dynamic Arrays C-Style Character Strings C++ Strings: Using std::string Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 5: Working with Expressions, Statements, and Operators Statements Compound Statements, or Blocks Using Operators The Assignment Operator (=) Understanding l-Values and r-Values Operators to Add (+), Subtract (-), Multiply (*), Divide (/), and Modulo Divide (%) Operators to Increment (++) and Decrement (--) To Postfix or to Prefix? Equality Operators (== and !=) Relational Operators C++20 Three-Way Comparison Operator (<=> ) Logical Operations NOT, AND, OR, and XOR Using C++ Logical Operators NOT (!), AND (&&), and OR (||) Bitwise NOT (~), AND (&), OR (|), and XOR (^) Operators Bitwise Right Shift (> > ) and Left Shift (<<) Operators Compound Assignment Operators Using the sizeof() Operator to Determine the Memory Occupied by a Variable Operator Precedence and Associativity Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 6: Controlling Program Flow Conditional Execution Using if.else Conditional Programming Using if.else Conditional Execution of Statements Within a Block Nested if Statements Conditional Processing Using switch-case Conditional Execution Using the ?: Operator Getting Code to Execute in Loops A Rudimentary Loop Using goto The while Loop The do.while Loop The for Loop The Range-Based for Loop Modifying Loop Behavior Using continue and break Loops That Don't End: Infinite Loops Controlling Infinite Loops Programming Nested Loops Using Nested Loops to Walk a Multidimensional Array Using Nested Loops to Calculate Fibonacci Numbers Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 7: Organizing Code with Functions The Need for Functions What Is a Function Prototype? What Is a Function Definition? What Is a Function Call, and What Are Arguments? Programming a Function with Multiple Parameters Programming Functions with No Parameters or No Return Values Function Parameters with Default Values Recursion: Functions That Invoke Themselves Functions with Multiple Return Statements Using Functions to Work with Different Forms of Data Overloading Functions Passing an Array of Values to a Function Passing Arguments by Reference How Function Calls Are Handled by the Microprocessor Inline Functions Automatic Return Type Deduction Lambda Functions Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 8: Pointers and References Explained What Is a Pointer? Declaring a Pointer Determining the Address of a Variable by Using the Reference Operator (&) Using Pointers to Store Addresses Accessing Pointed Data Using the Dereference Operator (*) What Is the Size of a Pointer? Dynamic Memory Allocation Using the Operators new and delete to Allocate and Release Memory Dynamically Effects of the Increment (++) and Decrement (--) Operators on Pointers Using the const Keyword on Pointers Passing Pointers to Functions Similarities Between Arrays and Pointers Common Programming Mistakes When Using Pointers Memory Leaks Pointers Pointing to Invalid Memory Locations Dangling Pointers (Also Called Stray or Wild Pointers) Checking Whether an Allocation Request Using new Succeeded Pointer Programming Best Practices What Is a Reference? What Makes References Useful? Using the Keyword const on References Passing Arguments by Reference to Functions Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises PART II: Fundamentals of Object-Oriented C++ Programming Lesson 9: Classes and Objects The Concept of Classes and Objects Declaring a Class An Object as an Instance of a Class Accessing Members by Using the Dot Operator (.) Accessing Members by Using the Pointer Operator (-> ) The Keywords public and private Abstraction of Data via the Keyword private Constructors Declaring and Implementing a Constructor When and How to Use Constructors Overloading Constructors A Class Without a Default Constructor Constructor Parameters with Default Values Constructors with Initialization Lists Destructor Declaring and Implementing a Destructor When and How to Use a Destructor The Copy Constructor Shallow Copying and Associated Problems Ensuring a Deep Copy Using a Copy Constructor Using Move Constructors to Improve Performance Different Uses of Constructors and the Destructor A Class That Does Not Permit Copying A Singleton Class That Permits a Single Instance A Class That Prohibits Instantiation on the Stack Using Constructors to Convert Types The this Pointer Using sizeof() with a Class The Keyword struct and Its Differences from class Declaring a friend of a class Union: A Special Data Storage Mechanism Declaring a Union Where Would You Use a Union? Using Aggregate Initialization on Classes and structs constexpr with Classes and Objects Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 10: Implementing Inheritance Basics of Inheritance Inheritance and Derivation C++ Syntax of Derivation The Access Specifier Keyword protected Base Class Initialization: Passing Parameters to the Base Class A Derived Class Overriding the Base Class's Methods Invoking Overridden Methods of a Base Class Invoking Methods of a Base Class in a Derived Class A Derived Class Hiding the Base Class's Methods Order of Construction Order of Destruction Private Inheritance Protected Inheritance The Problem of Slicing Multiple Inheritance Avoiding Inheritance Using final Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 11: Polymorphism Basics of Polymorphism Need for Polymorphic Behavior Polymorphic Behavior Implemented Using Virtual Functions Need for Virtual Destructors How Do Virtual Functions Work? Understanding the Virtual Function Table Abstract Base Classes and Pure Virtual Functions Using Virtual Inheritance to Solve the Diamond Problem Using the Specifier override to Indicate the Intention to Override Using final to Prevent Function Overriding Virtual Copy Constructors? Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 12: Operator Types and Operator Overloading What Are Operators in C++? Unary Operators Unary Increment (++) and Decrement (--) Operators Conversion Operators The Dereference Operator (*) and Member Selection Operator (-> ) Binary Operators The Binary Addition (a+b) and Subtraction (a-b) Operators The Addition Assignment (+=) and Subtraction Assignment (-=) Operators The Equality (==) and Inequality (!=) Operators The <, > , <=, and > = Operators The C++20 Three-Way Comparison Operator (<=> ) The Copy Assignment Operator (=) The Subscript Operator ([]) The Function Operator (()) The Move Constructor and Move Assignment Operator for High-Performance Programming The Problem of Unwanted Copy Steps Declaring a Move Constructor and Move Assignment Operator User-Defined Literals Operators That Cannot Be Overloaded Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 13: Casting Operators The Need for Casting Why C-Style Casts Are Not Popular with Some C++ Programmers The C++ Casting Operators Using static_cast Using dynamic_cast and Runtime Type Identification Using reinterpret_cast Using const_cast Problems with the C++ Casting Operators Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 14: An Introduction to Macros and Templates The Preprocessor and the Compiler Using the Macro #define to Define Constants Using Macros for Protection Against Multiple Inclusion Using #define to Write Macro Functions Why All the Parentheses? Using the assert Macro to Validate Expressions Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Macro Functions An Introduction to Templates Template Declaration Syntax The Different Types of Template Declarations Template Functions Templates and Type Safety Template Classes Declaring Templates with Multiple Parameters Declaring Templates with Default Parameters Sample Template Class: HoldsPair Template Instantiation and Specialization Template Classes and static Members Variable Templates Using static_assert to Perform Compile-Time Checks Using Templates in Practical C++ Programming Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises PART III: Learning the Standard Template Library (STL) Lesson 15: An Introduction to the Standard Template Library STL Containers Sequential Containers Associative Containers Container Adapters STL Iterators STL Algorithms Interaction Between Containers and Algorithms Using Iterators Using the Keyword auto to Let a Compiler Define Type Choosing the Right Container STL String Classes Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Lesson 16: The STL String Class The Need for String Manipulation Classes Working with the STL string Class Instantiating the STL string Class and Making Copies Accessing Character Contents of std::string Concatenating One String to Another Finding a Character or Substring in a String Truncating an STL String String Reversal String Case Conversion Template-Based Implementation of an STL String operator ""s in std::string Using std::string_view (Amended in C++20) Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 17: STL Dynamic Array Classes The Characteristics of std::vector Typical Vector Operations Instantiating a Vector Inserting Elements at the End of a Vector by Using push_back() List Initialization Inserting Elements at a Given Position by Using insert() Accessing Elements in a Vector by Using Array Semantics Accessing Elements in a Vector by Using Pointer Semantics Removing Elements from a Vector Understanding the Concepts of Size and Capacity The STL deque Class Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 18: STL list and forward_list The Characteristics of std::list Basic list Operations Instantiating a std::list Object Inserting Elements at the Front or Back of a List Inserting Elements in the Middle of a List Erasing Elements from a List Reversing and Sorting Elements in a List Reversing Elements by Using list::reverse() Sorting Elements Sorting and Removing Elements from a List That Contains Instances of a Class std::forward_list Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 19: STL set and multiset An Introduction to STL Set Classes Basic STL set and multiset Operations Instantiating a std::set Object Inserting Elements in a Set or Multiset Finding Elements in an STL set or multiset Container Erasing Elements in an STL set or multiset Container Pros and Cons of Using STL set and multiset STL Hash Set Implementation: std::unordered_set and std::unordered_multiset Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 20: STL map and multimap An Introduction to STL Map Classes Basic std::map and std::multimap Operations Instantiating std::map or std::multimap Inserting Elements in an STL Map or Multimap Finding Elements in an STL map Container Finding Elements in an STL multimap Container Erasing Elements from an STL map or multimap Container Supplying a Custom Sort Predicate STL's Hash Table-Based Key/Value Container How Hash Tables Work Using unordered_map and unordered_multimap Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises PART IV: Lambda Expressions and STL Algorithms Lesson 21: Understanding Function Objects Function Objects and Predicates Typical Applications of Function Objects Unary Functions Unary Predicates Binary Functions Binary Predicates Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 22: Lambda Expressions What Is a Lambda Expression? How to Define a Lambda Expression Capturing Variables Parameters Return Types A Lambda Expression for a Unary Function A Lambda Expression for a Unary Predicate A Lambda Expression with State via Capture Lists ([.]) A Lambda Expression for a Binary Function A Lambda Expression for a Binary Predicate Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 23: STL Algorithms What Are STL Algorithms? Classification of STL Algorithms Non-mutating Algorithms Mutating Algorithms Usage of STL Algorithms Finding Elements, Given a Value or a Condition Counting Elements Given a Value or a Condition Searching for an Element or a Range in a Collection Initializing Elements in a Container to a Specific Value Using std::generate() to Initialize Elements to a Value Generated at Runtime Processing Elements in a Range by Using for_each() Performing Transformations on a Range by Using std::transform() Copy and Remove Operations Replacing Values and Replacing Elements Given a Condition Sorting and Searching in a Sorted Collection and Erasing Duplicates Partitioning a Range Inserting Elements in a Sorted Collection Performing Fold Operations Using std::accumulate() in C++20 C++20 Constrained Algorithms Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 24: Adaptive Containers: Stack and Queue The Behavioral Characteristics of Stacks and Queues Stacks Queues Using the STL stack Class Instantiating a Stack Stack Member Functions Insertion and Removal at the Top, Using push() and pop() Using the STL queue Class Instantiating a Queue Member Functions of the queue Class Insertion at the End and Removal at the Beginning of a Queue via push() and pop() Using the STL Priority Queue Instantiating the priority_queue Class Member Functions of priority_queue Insertion at the End and Removal at the Beginning of a Priority Queue via push() and pop() Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 25: Working with Bit Flags Using the STL The bitset Class Instantiating std::bitset Using std::bitset and Its Members Useful Operators in std::bitset std::bitset Member Methods The vector Class Instantiating vector vector Functions and Operators Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises PART V: Advanced C++ Concepts Lesson 26: Understanding Smart Pointers What Are Smart Pointers? The Problem with Using Conventional (Raw) Pointers How Do Smart Pointers Help? How Are Smart Pointers Implemented? Types of Smart Pointers Deep Copy Copy on Write Reference-Counted Smart Pointers Reference-Linked Smart Pointers Destructive Copy Using std::unique_ptr Popular Smart Pointer Libraries Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 27: Using Streams for Input and Output The Concept of Streams Important C++ Stream Classes and Objects Using std::cout for Writing Formatted Data to the Console Changing the Display Number Format by Using std::cout Aligning Text and Setting Field Width by Using std::cout Using std::cin for Input Using std::cin for Input into a Plain Old Data Type Using std::cin::get for Input into the char* Buffer Using std::cin for Input into std::string Using std::fstream for File Handling Opening and Closing a File Using open() and close() Creating and Writing a Text File by Using open() and the Operator << Reading a Text File by Using open() and the Operator > > Writing to and Reading from a Binary File Using std::stringstream for String Conversions Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 28: Exception Handling What Is an Exception? What Causes Exceptions? Implementing Exception Safety via try and catch Using catch(.) to Handle All Exceptions Catching Exceptions of a Type Throwing Exceptions of a Type by Using throw How Exception Handling Works Class std::exception A Custom Exception Class Derived from std::exception Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 29: C++20 Concepts, Ranges, Views, and Adaptors Concepts Using Concepts Provided by the Standard Library Defining Custom Concepts by Using the Keyword requires Using Concepts with Classes and Objects The Ranges Library, Views, and Adaptors Views and Adaptors Adaptors Provided by the Ranges Library Combining Multiple Adaptors Summary Q&A Workshop Quiz Exercises Lesson 30: C++20 Threads Multithreading What Is a Thread? Why Program Multithreaded Applications? Using the C++20 Thread Library How Can Threads Transact Data? Using Mutexes and Semaphores to Synchronize Threads Summary Q&A Workshop Exercise Lesson 31: C++20 Modules and C++23 Modules The Problem with #include C++20 Modules Programming a Module Consuming a Module Why import Module; Is Superior to the Preprocessor #include C++23 Expected Features Learning C++ Doesn't Stop Here! Online Documentation Communities for Guidance and Help Summary Q&A Workshop Exercise PART VI: Appendixes Appendix A: Working with Numbers: Binary and Hexadecimal Appendix B: C++ Keywords Appendix C: Writing Great C++ Code Appendix D: ASCII Codes Appendix E: Answers 9780137334681 TOC 12/20/2021Siddhartha Rao is the vice president in charge of product security at SAP SE, the world's most trustworthy supplier of enterprise software and cloud services. A software engineer at heart, Siddhartha is convinced that the rapid evolution of C++ has powered this age of machine learning and artificial intelligence. Features introduced by C++20 enable you to program simpler yet more powerful applications than ever before. In authoring this book, Siddhartha has taken care to ensure that this book's nearly 300 compiling code examples are accompanied by detailed analyses of how they work. Siddhartha looks forward to your comments, reviews, and feedback!