Études chinoises xxxv-2 (2016)

Gilles Boileau: Remarks on Several Ritual Transformations and Textual Alterations in the Daodejing

This article examines several variants in the text of the Laozi in light of new archaeological sources (Mawangdui, Guodian, as well as the Han version recently published by Peking University). The topics covered are as follows: the use and transformation of ritual allusions as part of the philosophical discourse specific to the Daodejing; the theme of he/huo (harmony) versus tong (confusion), as originating in the sacrificial rites; the potential of the Guodian manuscripts to reveal a missing link in the question of a Legalist influence on the text's historical evolution; and, finally, the geographical trajectory of the text as approached vis-à-vis the historical enigma of the text's legendary author. From there, this article will present paleographic evidence that would seem to indicate that one of the final steps in the formation of the Laozi may have occurred in the Qin.

Valentin Philippon: Biographies of the Four Great Masters of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties (Jin Yuan si da jia , 1115-1368): Genres and Issues in the Biographies of Physicians in the Twenty-six Standard Histories of China (Ershiliu shi )

As early as the biographical chapters of the Shiji of Sima Qian (ca. 145-86 BCE), a distinction is drawn between the practice of medicine (yi ) and that of other knowledge and techniques related to health care. Since that time, medical practitioners are generally very well represented in the biographical sections of the Twenty-six Standard Histories (Ershiliu shi ). This research note is based on the example of the biographies of those we now remember as the Jin Yuan si da jia (Four Great Masters of the Jin and Yuan dynasties) in order to illustrate the great heterogeneity of the content that the biographies of physicians in the official historiographical records can present-biographies which constitute the corpus my thesis is based on.

Li Shiwei: Narrative and Songs in The Plum in the Golden Vase: David Tod Roy and André Lévy and the Issues of Intertextuality in their Translations of the Cihua Version of the Jin Ping Mei

This research note seeks to analyze the different translation strategies of two sinologist-translators, David Tod Roy and André Lévy, when confronted with a work as complex as the Jin Ping Mei , and in particular their different choices regarding the translations of qu (lyrics or songs). I first analyze the uses and functions of qu in the cihua version of the Jin Ping Mei and then present the different points of view of the translators concerning the ideological and aesthetic values of the author and the organization of his narrative. The note also discusses their strategies when confronted with the difficulties of translation of the intertexts structured around the qu as well as the potential effects of these translation choices on their readers. Finally, the note proposes some hypotheses concerning the reasons that motivated these choices.

Fleur Chabaille-Wang: The Thwarted Expansion of Foreign Concessions in China as a Window into Urban Society in the 1910s

This research note aims to put into perspective and to connect the setbacks in the territorial expansion of foreign concessions in Tianjin, Shanghai, and Hankou in the 1910s: the Laoxikai Incident (1916-1917), in Tianjin, which was a protest movement movement against the annexation of the Laoxikai district by the French Municipality; the failed attempts of the Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC), in Shanghai, to officially extend the International Settlement into the Zhabei and into the western external roads area (1913-1917); and the demise of the joint expansion project, in Hankou, initiated by the city's five concessions (1911-1914), adumbrating that of the German Concession in 1916. This litany of reversals in the territorial development of concessions invites us to inquire about their nation-wide implications. First, the cross-analysis of the three treaty ports regarding the issue of territorial expansion sheds new light on the concession "system" and the complexity of its status. Second, it reflects the territorial and diplomatic aspects of the foreign presence in China as well as certain political and social changes particular to Chinese urban society in the 1910s. Among these, a special emphasis will be placed on local elite networks' influence upon protest movements and their expression of a "modern" nationalism.

David Serfass: The Japanese Occupation as a Subject for the History of the Chinese State: The Example of the Rural Pacification Campaign by the Wang Jingwei Government, 1941-1945

The rural pacification campaign (qingxiang ) carried out in the occupied zone between 1941 and 1945 by the collaborationist government in Nanjing with the support of Japanese troops included a military component aimed at eradicating resistance and a political component intended to perpetuate control over the local population through semi-bureaucratic structures such as the baojia system. By following the implementation of this long-standing administrative technique, the present note proposes to re-evaluate the position of pro-Japanese governments in the history of the modern Chinese state, while repositioning the occupation of China within the context of the Japanese colonial enterprise.

Zhou Mingchao: The Children of Rural Migrant Workers between City and Village: Nostalgic Rhetoric and Identity Strategies in the Face of Stigma

Based on an ethnographic survey conducted in a primary school designed to accommodates the children of rural migrant workers in Hangzhou, this study offers a reflection on the way that students (age 10 to 14) targeted by the institutionalized category "children of rural migrant workers" and enrolled in the city assimilate these two places - the city (chengshi ) and the place of origin (laojia ) - via the maintenance of two links - that to the past, with the return to the natal village of the parents, and that to the present, developed within neighborhood networks in the city. On the one hand, we will analyze their nostalgic discourse of laojia, which we shall consider not only in its emotional and sentimental dimensions, but also in its strategic and instrumental use at the heart of the school. On the other hand, we will take up the identity strategies deployed by these students in the face of the stigma related to the place where they live in the city.

Anny Lazarus: Gao Minglu, Critic and Art Historian, Between Modernity and Tradition

This note presents the critical thinking of Gao Minglu, critic, art historian, exhibition curator, and teacher, born in 1949, who in the 1980s took part in the founding of the discipline of Chinese art criticism. His writings illustrate the complex trajectory of ideas between the West and China, between modernity and tradition, over the last three decades. On the basis of structuralist thinking mediated through American sources, the so-called "French Theory," in 2009. Gao Minglu proposed a theory of Yipai (the Yi School) which he conceived of as a methodology for the interpretation of works of art. Against the dichotomy of Western thought, he posits a tripartite vision that he based on the definition of the term tuxiang , specifically in reference to Zhang Yanyuan. Gao Minglu seeks to improve the semiological, structuralist, and deconstructivist models that he finds unsuitable for the understanding of Chinese art. But his works have provoked many negative reactions in the field of criticism, including denunciations of a catch-all concept and a methodology lacking in rigor. Impelled by a political context, Gao Minglu's intellectual approach raises the question of the critic's independence in the face of pressure of forces that encourage an increasingly exaggerated nationalism.

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